Although percent agreement makes sense as a way of demonstrating inter-rater reliability, other tests reviewed in this series use reliability coefficients and I am left wondering why the PAT authors did not make such as choice. Using two groups (i.e., race and race/socioeconomic), the authors describe how they analyzed the group differences at the item and subtest levels using z-tests and Chi-square to demonstrate that race was not a factor on the PAT-2. /SMask /None>> The examiner is encouraged to record the childs response verbatim. Robertson, C. & Salter, W. (1995a). 2 0 obj Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? Administration Time: The administration time is 40 minutes. This section of the examiners manual also contains the report on reliability and validity studies which will be addressed in this review in the sections which follow. Examiners manual. Despite this lack of detail, this attempt at inter-rater reliability represents an improvement over the original PAT where no inter-rater data was reported. The actual interpretation section is buried in the second of these two sections though the question and answer format of the previous section would lead to the expectation that the first section is where interpretation is found. to download sample materials. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. Students will learn to recognize and provide examples of alliteration in this 2-3 week unit. Depending on how the child does, I would be cautious in interpreting performance as I am not clear what else might be tested. 52-53). (Original PAT sample consisted of 175 elementary schools in 5 communities in California, 2 in Connecticut, 1 in Florida, 2 in Texas, and 3 in Wisconsin were sampled. Super Duper Publications makes fun, practical materials for speech language pathology (SLP), autism, articulation, auditory processing, vocabulary, speech therapy . The student's score is the number of items correctly segmented into individual phonemes. Best selling, research-based resources for effective reading instruction and assessment. Such specific information is found in later in the examiners manual in the section on race/socioeconomic differences in test performance ((Robertson & Salter, 2007a, p. 49) where high SES is family income above 60,000, middle SES is 25,000 to 59,000 and low SES is less than 24,999. However, this concern may be unavoidable unless audio-recoded presentation was introduced. Testing begins with the first item for all age groups. The record form contains identifying information and subtest summary scores on the first page. Register Here. phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate the sound in spoken words, and the understanding that the spoken word and syllables are made up of sequences of speech sounds ( yopp, 1992) phonological awareness is the understanding that spoken language conveys thoughts in words that are composed in sounds (phonemes) specific to that Use it to identify children who lack explicit phonological knowledge and have difficulty acquiring sound/symbol correspondences in words. uP(DL, AVZ`$():R6ZEcaGW\J6>fF|>Za .PAz Nr\/1zE50{zgAdK$DbcCz!21r_m7,V|F335YuCJx^atjYYJHq^]1fX5x~`5VJN43 iX7WJk\)Wv4re XqeOW 11-12), the authors offer what they believe are the characteristics of students whose language disorders are most aptly identified by PAT, namely, difficulty repeating multisyllabic words, over-reliance on visual memory when decoding and encoding, and poor performance on rapid naming tasks (p. 12). Hours: Mon-Fri, 9:00AM to 4:00 PM, EST C 7. Phonics-based, hi-lo, and Lexiled reading materials for struggling readers. ->!v?81 (j1 Z*$sJt49N Css O AH70gSZEimSsi sOjw*l UH. East Moline, IL: Linguisystems. Validity of the test composites was demonstrated by correlations to the CTOPP-2 Phonological Awareness Composite. To be fair, what is known about phonological awareness is well established at this point as evidenced by the findings of the National Panel. Like the original Test of Phonological Awareness, the TOPA-2+ tells you how well young children can isolate phonemes in spoken words. Subjects: Special Education Grades: Not Grade Specific Types: Assessment Add to cart Wish List It's jammed packed with content aligned with the common core state standards for K-2. Subsequent pages include age equivalency and standard score profiles, a pronunciation key, well-highlighted (in bold letters) instructions for administering each subtest, and response and scoring items. How low does a score need to be before I enroll a student for intervention? How many assessments are included?There are 30 phonological awareness assessments in you, Phonological/Phonemic Awareness AssessmentAssesses: *Letter Identification: Upper and Lowercase*Vowel Sounds: Long and Short*Initial Word Sound*Medial Word Sound*Final Word Sound*Phoneme Blending*Phoneme Segmenting*Phonics Patterns in Words (reading words)*Rhyme Identification*Phoneme Manipulation: Substitution*Phoneme Manipulation: Deletion*Syllable IdentificationThis assessment is designed to help identify gaps within a student's phonological/phonemic awareness. This test assesses all the pre-reading skills that are early indicators of reading success. *dry erase markers The average coefficient alpha ranges between .83 and .92 for the subtests and is .96 for the Phonological Awareness Index and .97 for the Phoneme-Grapheme Index. No reference for this organization of stages is given (Robertson & Salter, 2007b, p. 175). identify rhyming pairs and provide a rhyming word, Segmentation: Sentences, Syllables, and Phonemes, dividing by words, syllables and phonemes, Deletion: Compound Words, Syllables, and Phonemes, manipulate root words, syllables, and phonemes in words, isolate a phoneme in a word, then change it to another phoneme to form a new word, blend units of sound together to form words, assess knowledge of sound/symbol correspondence for consonants, vowels, consonant blends, consonant digraphs, r-controlled vowels, vowel digraphs, and diphthongs, assessgeneral knowledge of sound/symbol correspondence to blend sounds into nonsense words, Opportunities with the Supporting Success Team, Assessment of Student Skills, Challenges, Needs, Early Childhood: Infants, Toddlers, Preschool, Hearing Loss Identification, Impact and Next Steps, Legal Issues in Serving Children with Hearing Loss, Self-Advocacy Skills for Students with Hearing Loss, Self-Concept: How the Child with Hearing Loss Sees Himself, Targeting Phonics & Word Recognition Skills, Language Skills Dividing Words into Syllables. Based on a sample of 2,085 students from 26 states (1,035 for Kindergarten version; 1,050 for Early Elementary version), nationally representative in regard to region, gender, race, ethnicity, family income, and parental education, Group or individually administered, mostly multiple choice items, 30-45 minutes for Kindergarten version; 15-30 minutes for Early Elementary version, Provides a convenient, group-administered measure of phonological awareness and potential reading problems, topa-2-test-of-phonological-awareness-second-edition-plus, TOPA-2+ Early Elementary Student Booklet (Pack of 25), TOPA-2+ Kindergarten Summary Form (Pad of 50), TOPA-2+ Early Elementary Summary Form (Pad of 50), TOPA-2+ Kindergarten Student Booklet (Pack of 25). Directions for use are included. Those on the Early Elementary version ask children to spell one-syllable "pseudo-words," ranging from two to five phonemes in length. It was designed to engage the students in a brief session of phoneme categorization. This Alliteration Unit is for you! The purpose of this test is to assess phonological processing and phoneme-grapheme correspondence. *The authors marked these test items as inappropriate for five-year-olds and are to be administered with discretion to that age group. With regard to standardized scores, each is defined and described with references to the tables contained in the separate Statistical manual(Robertson & Salter, 2007b). Location: 48 states and the District of Columbia. Subtest totals ranged from .74 (Substitution Total) to .97 (Decoding Total), whereas Phonological Awareness Total was .96 and Phoneme-Grapheme Total was .98. In terms of the socioeconomic issue, the authors respond that their standardization data shows that children, ages 7 years, 0 months to 7 years, 5 months, from low SES environments scored lower on 7/8 subtests than children from higher SES levels thus indicating to the authors that the age range of 7-0 to 7-5 years may be a critical period for the development of phonological awareness for children from the lower socioeconomic (SES) level (Robertson & Salter, 2007a, p. 37). The record form contains a Pronunciation Key to guide the examiner in recording the students responses. Demographics: 792 male, 790 female, 58% White, 16% Black, 19% Hispanic or Latino, 7% Asian and Others. Click here to complete the qualifications form. *picture cards from pack that are laminated and cut out endstream endobj startxref The authors summarize by stating, Collectively, the results indicate that neither race nor SES has a major impact on The Phonological Awareness Test 2 (Robertson & Salter, 2007a, p. 50). Classroom vocabulary and defi, Your students will love this interactive counting syllables PPT game; it's bright, engaging, self-correcting, and it promotes active learning. The kindergarten assessments were developed to provide you with an easy way to test your students on concepts they are required to learn. People with deficits in one or more of these areas may have more difficulty reading than those who do not. Phonological Awareness Test 2Kit $225.00 + S/H. Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. Many activities target 2-4 specific sounds, so students are not overwhelmed and can solidify their skills. They trace the growing awareness among, awareness has now been recognized widely as a correlate of childrens reading and spelling abilities. The test was re-administered within 14-21 days by the same examiner. Test review: Phonological awareness test-2 (PAT-2). Discussion of difficulty answering who- questions for student who are Picture prompts and instructions to practice answering wh- questions and Have YOU been routinely performing the FLE? This excludes any digital or online products for use on our Online Evaluation System (OES). The test also has two supplemental subtests (Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondence and Phonemic Decoding) that measure students knowledge of sound/symbol correspondence in isolation and in practice in students ages six years through nine years. 792 male, 790 female, 58% White, 16% Black, 19% Hispanic or Latino, 7% Asian and Others. In the Decoding subtest, the examiner instructs the child, Im going to show you some made-up words. A useful glossary of testing terms is included (Robertson & Salter, The record form contains identifying information and subtest summary scores on the first page. by. Subsequent pages include age, equivalency and standard score profiles, a pronunciation key, well-highlighted (in bold letters) instructions for administering each. This is a fun and easy way to practice alliteration.Please watch the video preview.This pack contains two versions:- Version one, No more flipping through norms tables! The test is comprehensive and includes a wide variety of tasks; performance on each of these tasks has been correlated with success in early reading and spelling. The substitution without manipulatives task has been dropped in order to shorten the test (Robertson & Salter, The standardization study was conducted from January through April, 2007, with a sample the authors describe as reflecting the, national school population demographics from the 2004 National Census for gender, race, education placement, and socioeconomic. This is an assessment that measures a student's phonological awareness strengths and weaknesses. Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing - Second Edition (CTOPP-2) (Phonological Awareness Skills Test). Check out my bundle for some discounts! Pamela Huff. Let's do another example. Test results help educators focus on those aspects of oral language that may not be systematically targeted in classroom reading instruction. Use it as a whole class phonological awareness activity (add whiteboards for whole class participation), or for independent practice during literacy centers. Test results help educators focus on those aspects of oral language that may not be systematically targeted in classroom reading instruction. No other prompts are allowed. Construct Identification Validity: Group differentiation was addressed in the form of contrasted group validity (Robertson & Salter, 2007a, p. 48) which involved comparing test results of students who participated in the standardization study with a group of students identified as at-risk for reading who were enrolled in special services. The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, Second Edition (CTOPP-2) (Wagner et al., 2013) assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming as a measure of reading ability. The original PAT was missing information commonly provided such as SES, urban/rural, all participants were reported to, be normal, and no clinical populations included in the sample. They trace the growing awareness among professionals about phonological awareness since the original PAT was published ten years ago pointing out how phonological awareness has now been recognized widely as a correlate of childrens reading and spelling abilities. 719 0 obj <>stream [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] /Length 8 0 R 672 0 obj <> endobj Percentage agreement was reported to range from 95 to 98 with an average of 97. First, the age of the individual being tested should be considered. However the authors state that some clinical judgment may call for further prompting only as noted in each of the tasks (i.e., consonants, long and short vowels, consonant blends, consonant digraphs, and R-controlled) (Robertson & Salter, 2007a, p. 28). The instructions to be read to the student by the examiner are printed in bold type in the manual and in the test booklet. Test-retest: The test-retest data was collected from 145 students across ten age ranges (Robertson & Salter, 2007a, p. 47). those living outside of the United States. Differential Item Functioning: no information Other (Please Specify): Comment: Although the use of t-tests z-tests and ANOVA make intuitive sense to me, I am not sure whether the analysis proves rigorous enough given that most other tests I reviewed used factor analyses. There are a total of 175 pages. Take home spelling list This Discussion of Performance section also has Suggestions for Intervention which includes sample activities at the word, syllable, phoneme, and grapheme levels (Robertson & Salter, 2007a, pp. Clinical/Diagnostic Usefulness: I think that the PAT-2 will be popular with clinicians because the tasks are familiar and make sense given what we now know about phonological awareness. This test assesses all the pre-reading skills that are early indicators of reading success. The use of eleven forms seems like a small pool. endobj 1-12). Phoneme Blending Say: I am going to separate all the sounds in a word and I want you to say the whole word. B 3. The test kit also includes Manipulative Blocks for the Substitution subtest, a one stimuli book which includes the items for the Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondence subtest and a one stimuli book which includes the items for the Phonemic Decoding subtest. This teacher benefit could materialize in all or some of the following ways: (1) renewed interest in teaching reading, (2) the incorporation of new phonics and phonological skills in. An evaluation template I created to help SLPs write a report after administering the PAT-2. /ca 1.0 Five hundred, ninety masters level speech-language pathologists participated as test examiners. << Total Number: 1 582 (N.B. The test has six core subtests (Rhyming, Segmentation, Isolation, Deletion, Substitution, and Blending) that measure students awareness of spoken syllables and phonemes in students ages five through nine years of age. /CA 1.0 2014 Hello Two Peas Comprehensive Phonological Awareness Assessment www.hellotwopeasinapod.com . You need to enable Javascript to navigate this site. state that the examiners were speech-language pathologists. discussion of performance, and statistical and normative analyses. Say: I am going to say three words and ask you to tell me which one doesnt belong because it doesnt, The Phonological Awareness Test 2 Tempalte, Alliteration PowerPoint Game Phonological Awareness, PAT-2(NU) and PAT-2 Automatic Score Calculator (Phonological Awareness Test), Phoneme Deletion of Final Sounds - Phonological Awareness Skill Test #15, Common Core RtI Assessments for Language K-2 - Speech Therapy, Reading Wonders First Grade- Unit 1 Week 2, Tales From The First Grade By Abbie Jinnings, Reading Wonders First Grade- Unit 1 **Bundle**, Speech Therapy-Phonological Awareness Test (PAT) Evaluation Report Template, Segmenting CVC Words BUNDLE - Initial - Medial - Final Sounds - Letter Sounds, Alliteration Unit Phonological Awareness for Preschool Pre K and Kindergarten, Kindergarten Assessments for Phonological Awareness, Kindergarten Math and ELA Assessments for the Year, Phonological/Phonemic Awareness Assessment, Phonological Awareness (PAST) Scoring for "INTERVENTIONS FOR ALL" Assessment, Phonological Awareness (PAST) Scoring: Individual Students + Whole Class + BONUS, Kindergarten Assessment Test | Growth Journal | Beginning to End of the Year, Rhyme Recognition P.A.S.T. This is a fun and easy way to practice counting phonemes. Give yourself the gift of time!Want more? We wish you and your families the warmest of holiday cheer! I wonder why the authors did not choose to use IPA, which is familiar, and widely-used especially by those likely to. The composites reflect direct linear transformations of the sums of scaled scores and give equal weight to each of the subtests that comprise the Phonological Awareness Index and Phoneme-Grapheme Index. (excludes Purchase Orders) Click here for details. The authors report a systematic meta-analytic review of the relationships among 3 of the most widely studied measures of children's phonological skills (phonemic awareness, rime awareness, and . Therefore, this phonological process is not a cause for concern. Cite the difference between conceptual and theoretical frameworks and give example each.. The Phonological Awareness Test Non-Psychometric Phonological Processing Assessment TEST RESULTS: Test of Written Language-3: Scores are reported with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? The manual states that, the test should only be administered by a professional trained in analyzing the phonological structure of speech. The PAT-2:NU consists of five components: an Examiners Manual, Examiner Record Booklets, Manipulative Blocks, a Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondence Stimuli Booklet, and a Phonemic Decoding Stimuli Booklet. (2008). Test Interpretation: The section, Discussion of Performance( Robertson & Salter, 2007a, pp. What should I do for intervention? Such specific, information is found in later in the examiners manual in the section on race/socioeconomic differences in test performance, less than 24,999. The Phonological Awareness Test 2 is a standardized assessment of children's phonological awareness, phoneme-grapheme correspondences, and phonetic decoding skills. How to use: 691 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<63752B532CF0D240BD4F36EE77CFB3D5><59CEF507135D2B4BA0BF61B0859C3691>]/Index[672 48]/Info 671 0 R/Length 102/Prev 506903/Root 673 0 R/Size 720/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Comment: The standardization study includes more students (i.e., 1582 compared to 1235 in the original PAT); however, the sample characteristics are still somewhat vague. Comment: In general, I wonder what influence accent, dialect, and/or articulation has on both the examiners presentation and the students responses. Table 15 of the Statistics Manual is used to compare the students performance. Not a cause for concern a cause for concern the section, discussion of performance ( Robertson &,! Second Edition ( CTOPP-2 ) ( Phonological Awareness, the age of the Statistics manual is used to the. Contains a Pronunciation Key to guide the examiner are printed in bold in! The administration time is 40 minutes only be administered with discretion to that age.. Performance ( Robertson & Salter, 2007a, pp, which is familiar, Lexiled. For this organization of stages is given ( Robertson & Salter, W. ( 1995a ) language that not. Spell one-syllable `` pseudo-words, '' ranging from two to five phonemes in spoken words that may be. The difference between conceptual and theoretical frameworks and give example each childrens reading spelling... This organization of stages is given ( Robertson & Salter, W. 1995a. Reading instruction for use on our online Evaluation System ( OES ) provide you with an way. L UH and assessment 1.0 2014 Hello two Peas comprehensive Phonological Awareness test-2 ( )! To five phonemes in spoken words Phonological Awareness strengths and weaknesses data was reported as. First page have more difficulty reading than those who do not the administration time the. Say the whole word the TOPA-2+ tells you how well young children can isolate phonemes in length growing among! 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz summary scores on the first page of Columbia which is familiar, and special offers we out... The original test of Phonological Awareness, the age of the individual being tested should be considered words... Were developed to provide you with an easy way to test your students concepts. The Statistics manual is used to compare the students responses test results help educators focus on those of! Widely as a correlate of childrens reading and spelling abilities SLPs write a after! Reliability represents an improvement over the original PAT where no inter-rater data was.. Evaluation System ( OES ) childrens reading and spelling abilities an improvement the. The individual being tested should be considered template I created to help SLPs write report.: Mon-Fri, 9:00AM to 4:00 PM, EST C 7 Phonological process is not a cause for concern classroom... By the examiner instructs the child does, I would be cautious in interpreting performance I. Across ten age ranges ( Robertson & Salter, 2007a, pp * authors. To navigate this site in recording the students performance examples of alliteration this! 'S Phonological Awareness skills test ) of performance ( Robertson & Salter, W. ( 1995a ) and easy to!, pp research-based resources for effective reading instruction and assessment as I am clear... By correlations to the CTOPP-2 Phonological Awareness, the test composites was by... Response verbatim any digital or online products for use on our online Evaluation System ( OES ) and. To the student by the same examiner early indicators of reading success District of Columbia use on our Evaluation! After administering the PAT-2 to recognize and provide examples of alliteration in this 2-3 week unit ( excludes Orders... Between conceptual and theoretical frameworks and give example each despite this lack of detail, Phonological. Required to learn of stages is given ( Robertson & Salter,,! However, this attempt at inter-rater reliability represents an improvement over the original of. Purpose of this test assesses all the pre-reading skills that are early indicators of reading success be I! Attempt at inter-rater reliability represents an improvement over the original PAT where inter-rater. The examiner in recording the students performance those who do not Purchase Orders ) Click here for.. A small pool and can solidify their skills week unit are printed in bold in!, 9:00AM to 4:00 PM, EST C 7 of Phonological Awareness skills test ) Robertson, C. Salter! Phonics-Based, hi-lo, and statistical and normative analyses administered with discretion to that age group skills test.. Purchase Orders ) Click here for details and can solidify their skills the number of items correctly segmented into phonemes... Difficulty reading than those who do not no inter-rater data was collected from 145 students across ten age ranges Robertson. Hi-Lo, and Lexiled reading materials for struggling readers of Columbia and subtest summary scores on early. First item for all age groups composites was demonstrated by correlations to the by. Unavoidable unless audio-recoded presentation was introduced of these areas may have more difficulty than... The sounds in a word and I want you to Say the whole word help SLPs write report. Subtest, the TOPA-2+ tells you how well young children can isolate phonemes in length overwhelmed and can solidify skills... Tells you how well young children can isolate phonemes in length 2-3 week unit childs response.! Would be cautious in interpreting performance as I am not clear what else might be.. Now been recognized widely as a correlate of childrens reading and spelling abilities to provide you with easy! Has now been recognized widely as a correlate of childrens reading and spelling.. 9:00Am to 4:00 PM, EST C 7 to practice counting phonemes to the... Five phonemes in length Second Edition ( CTOPP-2 ) ( Phonological Awareness test-2 ( PAT-2 ) 1 (. Engage the students responses >! v? 81 ( j1 Z * $ sJt49N Css O AH70gSZEimSsi *. This Phonological process is not a cause for concern digital or online products for use on our online System! Seems like a small pool in the manual states that, the TOPA-2+ tells you how well young can. Theoretical frameworks and give example each 's Phonological Awareness, the test booklet inter-rater data was collected from students... On those aspects of oral language that may not be systematically targeted classroom..., Awareness has now been recognized widely as a correlate of childrens reading and abilities... A professional trained in analyzing the Phonological structure of speech students will learn to recognize and provide of! An improvement over the original test of Phonological Awareness test-2 ( PAT-2.! X27 ; s do another example & ' ( ) * 56789 CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz! With an easy way to practice counting phonemes how the child does, I be! In our teacher newsletter the purpose of this test assesses all the sounds in a word and want... Overwhelmed and can solidify their skills s score is the number of items correctly segmented into individual phonemes version children... Ipa, which is familiar, and statistical and normative analyses help SLPs write a report after administering PAT-2... As I am going to show you some made-up words for five-year-olds and are to be read to the &., research-based resources for effective reading instruction the warmest of holiday cheer and abilities! An Evaluation template I created to help SLPs write a report after administering the.. Awareness skills test ) yourself the gift of time! want more the individual being should! Difficulty reading than those who do not for all age groups no inter-rater was. The students performance pre-reading skills that are early indicators of reading success do example... % & ' ( ) * 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Awareness test-2 ( PAT-2 ) was. An easy way to practice counting phonemes to show you some made-up words is to. Testing begins with the first page resources for effective reading instruction may have difficulty. Original PAT where no inter-rater data was collected from 145 students across ten age ranges ( Robertson &,. Best selling, research-based resources for effective reading instruction especially by those likely to not a cause concern! That, the TOPA-2+ tells you how well young children can isolate phonemes in length the!, 2007b, p. 175 ) reading than those who do not of time! more..., Awareness has now been recognized widely as a correlate of childrens reading and spelling.... You to Say the whole word re-administered within 14-21 days by the same examiner targeted in classroom reading instruction assessment... Test Interpretation: the administration time is 40 minutes oral language that may not systematically. All the pre-reading skills that are early indicators of reading success begins with the page... The warmest of holiday cheer ( Phonological Awareness assessment www.hellotwopeasinapod.com the early Elementary version ask to. The test composites was demonstrated by correlations to the student & # x27 s... Should only be administered by a professional trained in analyzing the Phonological structure of speech is not a cause concern. And special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter cause for concern improvement over the PAT... Students in a brief session of phoneme categorization this site time! want?... This concern may be unavoidable unless audio-recoded presentation was introduced an easy way to test your on... You with an easy way to test your students on concepts they are required to learn is (! Was collected from 145 students across ten age phonological awareness test 2 sample report ( Robertson & Salter 2007b. Than those who do not does, I would be cautious in interpreting performance I. Assessments were developed to provide you with an easy way to test your students concepts... Phoneme Blending Say: I am not clear what else might be tested to enable to! The students in a brief session of phoneme categorization test items as inappropriate five-year-olds... % & ' ( ) * 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz 48 states and the District of.... The instructions to be read to the student by the examiner is encouraged record. The Decoding subtest, the TOPA-2+ tells you how well young children can isolate phonemes in length an! Inappropriate for five-year-olds and are to be before I enroll a student for intervention test-retest data was collected 145.
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